Caffeine, a stimulant found in coffee and soda, has the following elemental composition: 49.48% carbon, 5.19% hydrogen, 16.48% o
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Answer:The product formed on reaction with hydroxide ion as nucleophile is 2R-hexane-2-ol.
The product formed on reaction with water would be a 50:50 mixture of
2S-hexane-2-ol. and 2R-hexane-2-ol.
Explanation:
2S-iodohexane on reactiong with hydroxide ion would undergo SN² substitution reaction that is substitution bimolecular. Hydroxide ion has a negative charge and hence it is a quite good nucleophile .
The rate of a SN² reaction depends on both the substrate and nucleophile . Here the substrate is a secondary carbon center having Iodine as a leaving group.SN² reaction takes place here as hydroxide ion is a good nucleophile and it can attack the secondary carbon center from the back side leading to the formation of 2R-hexane-2-ol.
In a SN² reaction since the the nucleophile attacks from the back-side so the product formation takes place with the inversion of configuration.
When the same substrate S-2-iodohexane undergoes a substitution reaction with water as a nucleophile then the reaction occurs through (SN¹) substitution nucleophilic unimolecular mechanism .
The rate of a SN¹ reaction depends only on the nature of substrate and is independent of the nature of nucleophile.
The SN¹ reaction is a 2 step reaction , in the first step leaving group leaves leading to the formation of a carbocation and once the carbocation is formed then any weaker nucleophile or even solvent molecules can attack leading the formation of products.
In this case a secondary carbocation would be generated in the first step and then water will attack this carbocation to form the product in the second step.
The product formed on using water as a nucleophile would be a racemic mixture of R and S isomers of hexane -2-ol in 50:50 ratio. The two products formed would be 2R-hexane-2-ol and 2S-hexane-2-ol.
Kindly refer the attachment for reaction mechanism and structure of products.
Answer:
Final temperature: 659.8ºC
Expansion work: 3*75=225 kJ
Internal energy change: 275 kJ
Explanation:
First, considering both initial and final states, write the energy balance:
Q is the only variable known. To determine the work, it is possible to consider the reversible process; the work done on a expansion reversible process may be calculated as:
The pressure is constant, so: (There is a multiplication by 100 due to the conversion of bar to kPa)
So, the internal energy change may be calculated from the energy balance (don't forget to multiply by the mass):
On the other hand, due to the low pressure the ideal gas law may be appropriate. The ideal gas law is written for both states:
Subtracting the first from the second:
Isolating :
Assuming that it is water steam, n=0.1666 kmol
ºC