Heat required : 4.8 kJ
<h3>Further explanation
</h3>
The heat to change the phase can be formulated :
Q = mLf (melting/freezing)
Q = mLv (vaporization/condensation)
Lf=latent heat of fusion
Lv=latent heat of vaporization
The heat needed to raise the temperature
Q = m . c . Δt
1. heat to raise temperature from -20 °C to 0 °C
2. phase change(ice to water)
3. heat to raise temperature from 0 °C to 25 °C
Acetic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid.
sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide
calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate.
The answer is Index fossils its the only answer it could be
Hubris: excessive pride or self-confidence.