Answer:
Explanation:
A pure substance is made up solely of that substance and can't be separated into any other substances. A mixture can be separated into two or more pure substances
Answer: Option (A) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Plastic deformation is the change in shape of an object or metal caused by the load of excess stress.
Thus, metals experience plastic deformation when their crystal patterns have been disrupted by stress.
When stress is provided to the metal then their crystal pattern gets deformed resulting in change of shape of the metal. Plastic deformation is a permanent deformation.
<h2>Ultraviolet Light</h2>
Explanation:
- The energy of a photon that will be released if an electron falls from the n= 2 orbit (excited state) to the n0 = 1 orbit (ground state) is of ultraviolet light.
- In the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, a photon having an energy of 10.2 eV has a wavelength of 1.21 x 10-7 m.
- Hence, when an electron wants to jump or it gets excited from the first level to the second level that is from n = 1 orbit to n = 2 orbits, it must absorb a photon of ultraviolet light.
- But,When an electron falls from n = 2 orbit to n = 1 orbit or from n = 2 orbit(excited state) to n = 0 orbit(groubd state), it emits a photon of ultraviolet light.
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid with a structure of HCOOH and has a pka of 3.75. The pka refers to the acidity of the molecule, which in this example refers to the molecules ability to give up the proton of the O-H. A decrease in the pka value corresponds to an increase in acidity, or an increase in the ability to give up a proton. When an acid gives up a proton, the remaining anionic species (in this case HCOO-) is called the conjugate base, and an increase in the stability of the conjugate base corresponds to an increase in acidity.
The pka of a carboxylic can be affected greatly by the presence of various functional groups within its structure. An example of an inductive effect changing the pka can be shown with trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH. This molecule has a pka of 0.7. The decrease in pka relative to formic acid is due to the presence of the Cl3C- group, and more specifically the presence of the chlorine atoms. The electronegative chlorine atoms are able to withdraw the electron density away from the oxygen atoms and towards themselves, thus helping to stabilize the negative charge and stabilize the conjugate base. This results in an increase in acidity and decrease in pka.
The same Cl3CCOOH example can be used to explain how dipoles can effect the acidity of carboxylic acids. Compared to standard acetic acid, H3CCOOH with a pka of 4.76, trichloroacetic acid is much more acidic. The difference between these structures is the presence of C-Cl bonds in place of C-H bonds. A C-Cl bond is much more polar than a C-H bond, due the large electronegativity of the chlorine atom. This results in a carbon with a partial positive charge and a chlorine with a partial negative charge. In the conjugate base of the acid, where the molecule has a negative charge localized on the oxygen atoms, the dipole moment of the C-Cl bond is oriented such that the partial positive charge is on the carbon that is adjacent to the oxygen atoms containing the negative charge. Therefore, the electrostatic attraction between the positive end of the C-Cl dipole and the negative charge of the anionic oxygen helps to stabilize the entire species. This level of stabilization is not present in acetic acid where there are C-H bonds instead of C-Cl bonds since the C-H bonds do not have a large dipole moment.
To understand how resonance can affect the pka of a species, we can simply compare the pka of a simple alcohol such as methanol, CH3OH, and formic acid, HCOOH. The pka of methanol is 16, suggesting that is is a very weak acid. Once methanol gives up that proton to become the conjugate base CH3O-, the charge cannot be stabilized in any way and is simply localized on the oxygen atom. However, with a carboxylic acid, the conjugate base, HCOO-, can stabilize the negative charge. The lone pair electrons containing the charge on the oxygen atom are able to migrate to the other oxygen atom of the carboxylic acid. The negative charge can now be shared between the two electronegative oxygen atoms, thus stabilizing the charge and decreasing the pka.
