Answer:
11.8.4 Distillation Columns
Distillation columns present a hazard in that they contain large inventories of flammable boiling liquid, usually under pressure. There are a number of situations which may lead to loss of containment of this liquid.
The conditions of operation of the equipment associated with the distillation column, particularly the reboiler and bottoms pump, are severe, so that failure is more probable.
The reduction of hazard in distillation columns by the limitation of inventory has been discussed above. A distillation column has a large input of heat at the reboiler and a large output at the condenser. If cooling at the condenser is lost, the column may suffer overpressure. It is necessary to protect against this by higher pressure design, relief valves, or HIPS. On the other hand, loss of steam at the reboiler can cause underpressure in the column. On columns operating at or near atmospheric pressure, full vacuum design, vacuum breakers, or inert gas injection is needed for protection. Deposition of flammable materials on packing surfaces has led to many fires on opening of distillation column for maintenance.
Another hazard is overpressure due to heat radiation from fire. Again pressure relief devices are required to provide protection.
The protection of distillation columns is one of the topics treated in detail in codes for pressure relief such as APIRP 521. Likewise, it is one of the principal applications of trip systems.
Another quite different hazard in a distillation column is the ingress of water. The rapid expansion of the water as it flashes to steam can create very damaging overpressures.
Answer:
V ∝ n
Step-by-step explanation:
Suppose that pressure and temperature are constant.
If you try to force more molecules of air into a balloon, the balloon will expand.
This is an example of <em>Avogadro's Law</em>: the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles (particles).
V ∝ n
Answer:
Statement 1: All living matter at the smallest level is made of cells
Explamation:
All living things are made of cells; the cell itself is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.
Hope this helps
Answer:
A. It is the ratio of the concentrations of products to the concentrations of reactants.
Explanation:
The equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is the ratio of the concentration of products to the concentration of reactants.
This equilibrium constant can be expressed in many different formats.
- For any system, the molar concentration of all the species on the right side are related to the molar concentrations of those on the left side by the equilibrium constant.
- The equilibrium constant is a constant at a given temperature and it is temperature dependent.
- The derivation of the equilibrium constant is based on the law of mass action.
- It states that "the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentration of the reacting substances. "
The enthalpy<span> of </span>solution<span>, </span>enthalpy<span> of dissolution, or heat of </span>solution<span> is the</span>enthalpy<span> change associated with the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at constant pressure resulting in infinite dilution. The </span>enthalpy<span> of </span>solution<span> is most often expressed in kJ/mol at constant temperature. </span>