Answer:
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In buffer solution there is an equilibrium between the acid HA and its conjugate base A⁻: HA(aq) ⇌ H⁺(aq) + A⁻(aq).
When acid (H⁺ ions) is added to the buffer solution, the equilibrium is shifted to the left, because conjugate base (A⁻) reacts with hydrogen cations from added acid, according to Le Chatelier's principle: H⁺(aq) + A⁻(aq) ⇄ HA(aq). So, the conjugate base (A⁻) consumes some hydrogen cations and pH is not decreasing (less H⁺ ions, higher pH of solution).
A buffer can be defined as a substance that prevents the pH of a solution from changing by either releasing or absorbing H⁺ in a solution.
Buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components and it is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, pH of the solution is relatively stable
Two independent variables could change at the same time, and you would not know which variable affected the dependent variable
Part 1: Potassium, and Rubidium.
Part 2: Calcium has 20 protons and 20 electrons because the atomic number for calcium is 20 and that determines how many protons there are and in an atom, the number of protons is the same number of electrons. Calcium has about 20 neutrons. I got the number of Neutrons by subtracting the mass number(40.078) and the atomic number(20), I got 20.078. Round to the nearest whole number because you cannot have half or partial neutron. So, Calcium has 20 protons, 20 electrons, and 20 neutrons,
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