Answer:
1) Has a smaller radius than oxygen because of the increased electromagnetic attraction of the nuclei
2) Has a smaller radius than chlorine because all the electrons of F have lower energy levels and have less repulsion of other electrons and hence are more attracted to the nuclei .
Explanation:
Further the electrons are from the nuclei , the bigger the atomic radius is.
(+) attraction of electrons to the nuclei, (-) repulsion of the electrons away from the nuclei.
1) From O to F:
(+) there is one more proton --> Stronger positive charge of the nuclei means that the electrons are attracted more , then they come closer to it and therefore the radius decreases
(-) There is one more electron --> Every electron is repulsed by others away from the nuclei --> the radius increases. But this effect is not so strong because the new electron is added at the same energy level.
Overall the (+) effect is stronger than the (-) effect --> Radius decreases from O to F
2) From F to Cl
(+) there is one more protons --> Same effect as before
(-) There is one more electron --> Every electron is repulsed by others away from the nuclei. But this time the new electrons have a higher energy level --> Meaning that they are less attracted and hence the radius increases.
And also the other inner layers of electrons (electrons of lower energy levels) repulse this new external layer of electrons more effectively than the case of O --> Strong repulsion effect (called electron shielding effect) --> Radius increases
Overall the (-) effect is stronger than the (+) effect --> Radius increases from F to Cl (or decreases from Cl to F)
U should try Chegg to be honest dats how I got through chemistry
Answer:
Phosphorus makes 5 bonds with other atoms
Explanation:
has total 32 number of valence electrons (P has 5 , O has 6 and Cl has 7 valence electrons).
These valence electrons are used to draw Lewis structure of .
Formal charge on an atom = (no. of valence electrons of the atom)-(no. of covalent bonds attached to the atom)-(no. of electrons in lone pair of the atom)
Applying octet rule (atoms have eight electrons in their valence shell) and minimizing formal charge of , it has been found that P makes total 5 bonds with rest of the atoms.
Lewis structure of along with formal charge (in parentheses) has been given below.