Answer:
The fetal oxygen and nutrient levels are higher.
Answer:
The following are the steps for making the human insulin protein for the health care market:
1. Obtain the DNA from a human being who does not have diabetes.
2. Modify the human gene, and provide it a promoter, which will get turn on when placed within the E.coli cell.
3. Separate and make copies of the gene encrypting the insulin protein.
4. Application of electroporation or heat shock method in order to administer the human insulin gene within the living E.coli cell.
5. Development and growth of E.coli in the fermentation culture, and then extract and sell the humulin in the market.
Explanation:
A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can change the reading frame (the grouping of the codons), resulting in a completely different translation from the original. The earlier in the sequence the deletion or insertion occurs, the more altered the protein. A frameshift mutation is not the same as a single-nucleotide polymorphism in which a nucleotide is replaced, rather than inserted or deleted. A frameshift mutation will in general cause the reading of the codons after the mutation to code for different amino acids. The frameshift mutation will also alter the first stop codon ("UAA", "UGA" or "UAG") encountered in the sequence. The polypeptide being created could be abnormally short or abnormally long, and will most likely not be functional.
They carry on different on jobs to help the cell work. For example, mitochondria produces energy from the oxidation of glucose.