Every nation has its own natural resourse that has abundant and theres other that lack so the countries will trade they abundant for the ones they dont have.
By changing a gene's instructions for making a protein, a mutation can cause the protein to malfunction or to be missing entirely. When a mutation alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, it can disrupt normal development or cause a medical condition
The Bottleneck effect is when species go through an event that reduces its population. The ones that survive have reduced genetic diversity compared to the original population since fewer individuals means there are fewer genotypes.
To find the probability we can draw a 4-square Punnett square using the parents' alleles for the gene. If you want a more detailed explanation I would be glad to help :)