The sodium in soda lowers the melting point and makes the ice melt more slowly than it would in plain water because with the addition of any substance, there are fewer free water molecules available to form bonds together and freeze
Solid Magnesium is considered as active metal so it reacts with strong acids like HCl and H₂SO₄ liberating Hydrogen gas according to the following equations:
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)
Mg(s) + H₂SO₄(aq) → MgSO₄(aq) + H₂(g)
so the amount of solid magnesium decrease by addition of strong acid to it.
Plastic building blocks are good for building molecules because of some useful properties which they possess. For instance, plastic are flexible, they can be easily manipulated and can be made into any shape, size and combination. They can also be produced using different colors. Because of these features, they can be used to build and to explain how molecules behave.
Answer:
2 Hertz
Explanation:
<em>The frequency would be 2 Hertz.</em>
<u>The frequency of a wave is defined as the rate at which the particles of a medium vibrates when the wave is passed through it while the period of a wave is the time it takes the particles to make a complete cycle of vibration.</u>
The frequency of a wave is inversely related to its period and is defined by the following equation:
f = 1/t, where f is the frequency (in hertz) and t is the period (in seconds).
Hence, if the period of a ripple is 1/2 or 0.5 seconds, the frequency becomes;
f = 1/0.5 = 2 Hertz
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid with a structure of HCOOH and has a pka of 3.75. The pka refers to the acidity of the molecule, which in this example refers to the molecules ability to give up the proton of the O-H. A decrease in the pka value corresponds to an increase in acidity, or an increase in the ability to give up a proton. When an acid gives up a proton, the remaining anionic species (in this case HCOO-) is called the conjugate base, and an increase in the stability of the conjugate base corresponds to an increase in acidity.
The pka of a carboxylic can be affected greatly by the presence of various functional groups within its structure. An example of an inductive effect changing the pka can be shown with trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH. This molecule has a pka of 0.7. The decrease in pka relative to formic acid is due to the presence of the Cl3C- group, and more specifically the presence of the chlorine atoms. The electronegative chlorine atoms are able to withdraw the electron density away from the oxygen atoms and towards themselves, thus helping to stabilize the negative charge and stabilize the conjugate base. This results in an increase in acidity and decrease in pka.
The same Cl3CCOOH example can be used to explain how dipoles can effect the acidity of carboxylic acids. Compared to standard acetic acid, H3CCOOH with a pka of 4.76, trichloroacetic acid is much more acidic. The difference between these structures is the presence of C-Cl bonds in place of C-H bonds. A C-Cl bond is much more polar than a C-H bond, due the large electronegativity of the chlorine atom. This results in a carbon with a partial positive charge and a chlorine with a partial negative charge. In the conjugate base of the acid, where the molecule has a negative charge localized on the oxygen atoms, the dipole moment of the C-Cl bond is oriented such that the partial positive charge is on the carbon that is adjacent to the oxygen atoms containing the negative charge. Therefore, the electrostatic attraction between the positive end of the C-Cl dipole and the negative charge of the anionic oxygen helps to stabilize the entire species. This level of stabilization is not present in acetic acid where there are C-H bonds instead of C-Cl bonds since the C-H bonds do not have a large dipole moment.
To understand how resonance can affect the pka of a species, we can simply compare the pka of a simple alcohol such as methanol, CH3OH, and formic acid, HCOOH. The pka of methanol is 16, suggesting that is is a very weak acid. Once methanol gives up that proton to become the conjugate base CH3O-, the charge cannot be stabilized in any way and is simply localized on the oxygen atom. However, with a carboxylic acid, the conjugate base, HCOO-, can stabilize the negative charge. The lone pair electrons containing the charge on the oxygen atom are able to migrate to the other oxygen atom of the carboxylic acid. The negative charge can now be shared between the two electronegative oxygen atoms, thus stabilizing the charge and decreasing the pka.
