Answer: B (Color blindness)
Explanation:
Typical red-green color blindness in human patients is caused by mutations on genes located in the X chromosome. These mutations act in a recessive manner. Since females have two X chromosomes, the presence of a mutation in a single one of them does not normally result in color blindness. Males, in contrast, have a single X chromosome and therefore the presence of a mutation is likely to cause the disease.
About the other options: Down‘s syndrome is a numerical chromosomal anomaly, not related to sex. Human blood type is a codominant trait. Finally, tail length in dogs is a polygenic trait not amenable to classic Mendelian analysis.
The amino acid sequence of a protein which is referred to as its primary structure determines the structure or folding pattern of that protein
Cyclic phosphorylation is a kind of phosphorylation in which ATP is formed from an ADP when phosphate group is attached to it during light reaction of photosynthesis.
In a normal human karyotype, depending on the part of mitosis the cell is in, there are either 23 or 46.