It is called ecological succession, which can take up to a decade. It is a process of change in the species structure that occurs after a vast loss or extinction. Ecologists study how complexity is evident when a community is formed or occurrence takes place from an empty land or bare soil.
Answer:
The genotypes found in the F2 offspring will be An1An1, An1An2 and An2An2.
Explanation:
In the example given in the question, the color of the petals of snapdragon flowers are given with the An1 allele having full activity and the An2 allele being the null allele. For the F1 offspring, two snapdragon flowers are crossed, one with red petals which is An1An1 and one with ivory petals which is An2An2. All the genotypes for the F1 offspring will result in An1An2.
Then using this F1 offspring, the F2 offspring is found and the genotype of the F2 offspring will be An1An1 / An1An2 / An1An2 / An2An2.
So the genotypes found in the F2 offspring will be An1An1, An1An2 and An2An2. One red petal snapdragon, 1 ivory snapdragon and 2 pink snapdragons.
I hope this answer helps.
Cooperation is common in non-human animals. Besides cooperation with an immediate benefit for both actors, this behavior appears to occur mostly between relatives.[1] Spending time and resources assisting a related individual may at first seem destructive to the organism’s chances of survival but is actually beneficial over the long-term. Since relatives share part of their genetic make-up, enhancing each other’s chances of survival may actually increase the likelihood that the helper’s genetic traits will be passed on to future generations.[6] The cooperative pulling paradigm is an experimental design used to assess if and under which conditions animals cooperate. It involves two or more animals pulling rewards towards themselves via an apparatus they can not successfully operate alone.[7]
Answer:
- Interruption in the genetic flow between separated groups
- The emergence of new mutations in each of the groups, and their accumulation in time. Slow and gradual differentiation between populations.
- Genetic divergence by natural selection and reproductive isolation
- Prezigotic isolation mechanisms
Explanation:
Allopatric speciation consists of the geographic separation of a continuous genetic background that can give place to two or more new geographically isolated populations. These separations might be due to migration, extinction of geographically intermediate populations, or geological events. In this speciation, some barriers impede genetic interchange, or genetic flux, as the two new groups that are separated can not get together and mate anymore. These barriers might be geographical or ecological.
The process of allopatric speciation involves different steps that affect organisms:
- The emergence of the barrier.
- Interruption in the genetic interchange
- The occurrence of new mutations and their accumulation in time in each population. Slow and gradual differentiation.
- Genetic divergence by natural selection and reproductive isolation makes it impossible for the two groups to mate even if the barrier disappears.
- Prezigotic isolation mechanisms will be favored by selection if occurs a secondary contact between the new species in formation.
The benefit is that capturing the energy from the waves is another source of replenishable energy (like solar or wind power)