In photosynthesis, the movement of protons from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen is proton gradient and is coupled to<u> transfer of </u><u>protons</u>.
Protons are transported across the thylakoid membrane and into the lumen through the electron transport chain (the space inside the thylakoid disk). Protons are simultaneously removed from the stroma by reduction of NADPH and added to the lumen via water splitting (the space outside the thylakoids). Protons are pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen as a result of the electron passing through the first link in the electron transport chain. A fourth protein complex in the thylakoid membrane, ATP synthase, then uses the energy stored in this proton gradient to produce ATP. This protein complex, like the mitochondrial enzyme, links proton flow back across the membrane to the creation of ATP.
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Answer:
Spinal cord
Explanation:
The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.
They are different in structure as one serves in an open system (lymphatic system) while the other serves is closed system (circulatory system).
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*This question is common, so this answer I use a lot. I copied my own work.*
Action potentials (i.e. nerve impulses) occur in several types of animal cells<span>, called </span>excitable cells<span>, which include </span>neurons<span>, </span>muscle cells<span>, </span>endocrine<span> cells, and in some </span>plant cells<span>. </span><span>It takes around 40 action potentials for a smell sensation to be reported.</span>
<span>The main reason surface area to volume ratio is important to a cell is because the surface area to volume ratio determines the rate at which cells uptake nutrients, liquids or gases. For instance, I have two organisms, A and B. Organism A has a surface area to volume ratio of 6:1, whereas organism B has a surface area to volume ratio of 3:1. As organism A has a greater surface area to volume ratio, it means that organism A will be able to take up nutrients, liquids or gases via diffusion or osmosis at a greater rate than organism B, as it has more surface with which to exchange nutrients, liquids or gases. </span>