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They are involved in a chemical digestion.
Chemical digestion involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that can be used by the cells. It begins in the mouth when food mixes with saliva which contains enzyme salivary amylase that breaks down carbohydrates. It also occurs in the stomach where HCl and pepsin forms chyme and small intestine especially in the duodenum.
<span>An essential functional group involved in cellular energy transfer is the phosphate group.
It is important because it is charged and can release H+ ions into the solution. This makes the group highly acidic, which is important when it comes to the transfer of energy within a cell. Apart from the phosphate group, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, and other are also important.</span>
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The second line of defence is nonspecific resistance, which kills intruders in a broad manner without focusing on specific individuals: phagocytic cells ingest and kill any germs that enter body tissues.
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Typically, the nucleus is the most prominent organelle in a cell (Figure 1). The nucleus (plural = nuclei) houses the cell's DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.
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