The sentence <em>The cat ate the rat </em>contains a direct object.
<em>The cat </em>is the subject, <em>ate </em>is the verb, <em>the rat </em>is the direct object.
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I think its D hope this helps sorry if I’m wrong
The noun clause is <span>how the Aztecs made their astronomical calculations.
</span>Just invert the whole sentence - The subject of my next paper is <span>how the Aztecs made their astronomical calculations.
</span>The whole clause is used as the direct object.