Answer:
mutation rates can be used to design molecular clocks in order to estimate divergence times among species
Explanation:
In evolutionary biology, the substitution rates (also known as mutation rates) are used for the development of 'molecular clocks' which allow estimating the divergence times among species or among taxonomic groups. Molecular clocks can be designed by estimating the divergence rate of nucleotide sequences (either DNA or RNA) and amino acid (protein) sequences. These substitution rates can also be used to track how quickly viruses evolve (for example, in a pandemic situation).
Answer:
Mule is produced from a hybrid cross.
Explanation:
A mule is the offspring which is produced by crossing or mating of male donkey with female horse.
Where the male donkey is called Jack and female horse is called mare.
The offspring produced as a result is Mule.
The gender of Mules may be male or female but consists of 63 chromosomes.
But such produced Mules are sterile.
Digestive enzymes<span> speed up reactions that break down large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules the body can use. Without digestive </span>enzymes<span>, animals would not be able to break down food molecules quickly enough to provide the energy and nutrients they </span>need<span> to </span><span>survive</span>
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In glucose the hydroxyl group at carbon four is below the plane of the ring. In galactose the hydroxyl group at carbon four is above the plane of the ring.
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