When an environment is hypotonic, the cell has more solute so solvent move from outside the cell to inside causing the cell to swell.
WHAT IS TONICITY?
- Tonicity is the ability of a solution to induce water loss or water gain in a cell. A solution can either be; hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic
- A hypertonic solution has more concentration of solute than its surroundings while a hypotonic solution has less concentration of solute compared to it's surroundings.
- If a hypotonic solution has less solute, this means that it will have more solvent (water). Based on the principle of osmosis, water moves from a region of high concentration to region of low concentration.
Hence, water will move into a cell that is located in a hypotonic environment, causing it to swell.
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Blade
Thin, flattened section of a plant leaf that collects sunlight
Petiole
Thin stalk by which a leaf blade is attached to a stem
Mesophyll
Specialized ground tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves; performs most of a plant's photosynthesis
Palisade Mesophyll
Layer of tall, column-shaped mesophyll cells just under the upper epidermis of a leaf
Spongy Mesophyll
Loose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf
Stoma
Opening in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf
Guard Cell
Specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure
Transpiration
Loss of water from a plant through its leaves
(Got this from my textbook so here)
Nucleotide bases are added to DNA strands in a 5' to 3' direction.
What is DNA replication?
When a cell divides, DNA copies itself through a process called replication.
- Generally speaking, DNA replication involves uncoiling the helix, strand separation by rupturing the hydrogen bonds between the complementary strands, and synthesis of two new strands through complimentary base pairing.
- The origin of replication, which is a precise location in the DNA, is where replication starts.
- From the point of origin, DNA replication is bidirectional.
- The two parent DNA strands unwind and split apart at the origin of replication to generate two "Y-shaped" replication forks in order to start DNA replication.
- These unwinding enzymes are known as DNA helicases.
- The real location of DNA copying is at these replication forks.
- Proteins that destabilize helices bind to the single-stranded areas to prevent the two strands from rejoining.
- To reduce stress on the helical molecule during replication, enzymes known as topoisomerases cause breaks in the DNA and then reunite them.
- The hydrogen bonding of free DNA nucleotides with those on each parent strand results in the formation of new complementary strands as the strands continue to unwind and split in both directions around the entire DNA molecule.
- The new nucleotides are joined by DNA polymerases using phosphodiester bonds as they align themselves opposite each parent strand using hydrogen bonds.
- Deoxynucleotide triphosphates, which are made up of a nitrogenous base called deoxyribose and three phosphates, are the actual nucleotides that are aligning through complementary base pairing.
- Two of the phosphates are withdrawn to provide energy for bonding as the phosphodiester bond forms between the 3' OH of the previous nucleotide in the DNA strand and the 5' phosphate group of the next nucleotide.
- In the end, two identical DNA molecules are created when each parent strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary copy of itself.
Hence, nucleotide bases are added to DNA strands in a 5' to 3' direction.
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The leafs would contain more Chloroplasts, that is where photosynthesis occurs!
<h3><u>Answer;</u></h3>
D) India was a separate continent until forty-five million years ago.
<h3><u>Explanation</u>;</h3>
- <em><u>Continental drift serves as one of the evidence of evolution. Different kinds of animals and plants live in different parts of the world. This is true now, and it was true in the past. </u></em>
- Therefore, when a fossils of the same animal or plant is found on different continents, then that is evidence that those two continents may have been a single continent when those fossils were formed.
- Fossils show that the continents drifted because similar fossils were found where the continents were together millions of years ago.