copper is not a stone, copper is not a consumption resource, and copper is not renewable, that means that
:
d. nonrenewable resource
Explanation:
A nonrenewable source is a source of economic value that cannot be immediately displaced by natural means on a level equal to its destruction. Most fossil fuels, such as oil, natural gas, and coal are estimated nonrenewable resources in that their use is not sustainable because their production takes billions of years.
Answer:Acid catalyst is needed to increase the electrophilicity of Carbonyl group of Carboxylic acid as alcohol is a weak nucleophile.
Alternatively esters can be synthesised by converting carboxylic acid into acyl chloride using thionyl chloride(SOCl_{2} and then further treating acyl chloride with alcohol.
Carboxylic acid and esters can be easily distinguished on the basis of IR as carboxylic acid would contain a broad intense peak in 2500-3200cm_{-1} corresponding to OH stretching frequency whereas esters would not contain any such broad intense peak.
Alcohol and esters can also be distinguished using IR as alcohols would contain a broad intense peak at around 3200-3600cm_{-1}
Explanation: For the synthesis of esters using alcohol and carboxylic acid we need to add a little amount of acid in the reaction . The acid used here increases the electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon and hence makes it easier for a weaker nucleophile like alcohol to attack the carbonyl carbon of acid.
The oxygen of the carbonyl group is protonated using the acidic proton which leads to the generation of positive charge on the oxygen. The positive charge generated is delocalised over the whole acid molecule and hence the electrophilicity of carbonyl group is increased. Kindly refer attachment for the structures.
If we simply mix the acid and alcohol then no appreciable reaction would take place between them and ester formation would not take place because the carboxylic acid in that case is not a good electrophile whereas alcohol is also not a very strong nucleophile which can attack the carbonyl group.
Alternatively we can use thionyl chloride or any other reagent which can convert the carboxylic acid into acyl chloride. Acyl chloride is very elctrophilic and alcohol can very easily attack the acyl chloride and esters could be synthesized.
The carboxylic acid and ester can very easily be distinguished on the basis of broad intense OH stretching frequency peak at around 2500-3200cm_{-1} . The broad intense OH stretching frequency peak is present in carboxylic acids as they contain OH groups and absent in case of esters .
Likewise esters and alcohols can also be distinguished on the basis IR spectra as alcohols will have broad intense spectra at around 3200-3600cm_{-1}corresponding to OH stretching frequency whereas esters will not have any such peak. Rather esters would be having a Carbonyl stretching frequency at around 1720-1760
If you’re referring to he red stuff- the liquids can be ethanol, toluene, kerosene, or isoamyl acetate. They’re transparent so they’re made more visible with red dye. (So I’d guess the answer is ethanol)
I found this in the Wikipedia article ‘Alcohol thermometer’
The compounds that have covalent bonding as their dominant bonding scheme are diamond and silica.
A covalent bond is formed between two nonmetals. Usually, when two nonmetals combine, electrons are shared between the two atoms involved in the bond.
Now, the solids diamond and silica are predominantly covalent solids. The atoms that combine in diamond are carbon atoms(nonmetals) while the atoms that combine in silica are silicon and oxygen (nonmetals also)
Hence, diamond and silica both have covalent bonding as their dominant bonding scheme.
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Air moves when the molecules are free meaning they aren't close up to each other or trying to fill up space, they are moving freely.