MAD (mitotic arrest deficient) are proteins related to spindle cell cycle checkpoint and it is important since they prevent the segregation of sister chromatids until all have bound to the spindle.
The cell cycle ensures the duplication of the genome and its distribution in daughter cells by passing through a coordinated and regulated sequence of events.
A series of checkpoints guarantee the orderly progression of the phases of cell division and the correct distribution of the duplicated genetic material in the daughter cells.
The checkpoints during mitosis are:
- At the end of stage G1 and before S.
- Before anaphase in mitosis.
- DNA damage checkpoints in G1, S or G2.
The checkpoint before anaphase in mitosis guarantees the separation of chromosomes, and operates by activating the Mad2 protein that prevents the degradation of segurin, until the conditions are appropriate.
That is, the Mad2 protein prevents the segregation of sister chromatids until they have all bound to the spindle.
Therefore, we can conclude that MAD (mitotic arrest deficient) are proteins related to spindle cell cycle checkpoint and it is important since they prevent the segregation of sister chromatids until all have bound to the spindle.
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The joint found in the skull would be Immovable joints
Answer:
Body Fossils.
Molecular Fossils.
Trace Fossils.
Carbon Fossils.
Pseudofossils.
Explanation:
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Answer:
B) oaks and other sexually reproducing, extant (currently living) trees
Explanation:
The biological species concept defines the species on the basis of their reproductive isolation. It states that when individuals are able to interbreed to produce fertile and viable progeny, they belong to the same species. The members of different biological species cannot interbreed. If they interbreed, either pre-zygotic or post-zygotic isolation mechanisms do not allow the production of fertile progeny.
Therefore, the biological species concept can be applied to the organisms that are able to reproduce sexually. The asexually reproducing organisms would not exhibit any reproductive isolation which is a key criterion to group organisms under different species. Among the given examples, biological species concept can be applied to the sexually reproducing extant trees such as oak.
Since we cannot deduce the reproductive isolation in sexually reproducing extinct species, the concept is not useful for dinosaurs which are extinct now.
Answer: Yes.
Explanation:
Fermentation is a general term denoting anaerobic degradation of glucose or other organic nutrients in various products to obtain energy in the form of ATP. Fermentation occurs when, after glycolysis, the Krebs cycle is not performed, because the organism does not have it or because this pathway is blocked, such as during hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Fermentation is a process used by bacteria to obtain energy, does not use oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, ie an intracellular process, and each step is catalyzed with the help of different enzymes.
Some industries use this process in the production of some products, known to all of us, such as:
1. yogurt is produced by the famous lactic fermentation, where bacteria called lactobacilli to produce lactic acid.
2. bread and beer are produced by alcoholic fermentation, where the fermentation is carried out by fungi (facultative anaerobic), which ultimately produce alcohol;
3. vinegar to that produced by acetic fermentation, which consists of a chemical reaction, where partial oxidation of ethyl alcohol occurs, obtaining acetic acid.
