Conduction, transfer of heat or electricity through a substance, resulting from a difference in temperature between different parts of the substance, in the case of heat, or from a difference in electric potential, in the case of electricity. Since heat is energy associated with the motions of the particles making up the substance, it is transferred by such motions, shifting from regions of higher temperature, where the particles are more energetic, to regions of lower temperature. The rate of heat flow between two regions is proportional to the temperature difference between them and the heat conductivity of the substance. In solids, the molecules themselves are bound and contribute to conduction of heat mainly by vibrating against neighboring molecules; a more important mechanism, however, is the migration of energetic free electrons through the solid. Metals, which have a high free-electron density, are good conductors of heat, while nonmetals, such as wood or glass, have few free electrons and do not conduct as well. Especially poor conductors, such as asbestos, have been used as insulators to impede heat flow (see insulation). Liquids and gases have their molecules farther apart and are generally poor conductors of heat. Conduction of electricity consists of the flow of charges as a result of an electromotive force, or potential difference. The rate of flow, i.e., the electric current, is proportional to the potential difference and to the electrical conductivity of the substance, which in turn depends on the nature of the substance, its cross-sectional area, and its temperature. In solids, electric current consists of a flow of electrons; as in the case of heat conduction, metals are better conductors of electricity because of their greater free-electron density, while nonmetals, such as rubber, are poor conductors and may be used as electrical insulators, or dielectrics. Increasing the cross-sectional area of a given conductor will increase the current because more electrons will be available for conduction. Increasing the temperature will inhibit conduction in a metal because the increased thermal motions of the electrons will tend to interfere with their regular flow in an electric current; in a nonmetal, however, an increase in temperature improves conduction because it frees more electrons.
Answer:
0.65 M
Explanation:
Molarity (M) is the amount of moles of a substance per liter.
In other words, M = moles of substance / liters of solution
Since you're already given the moles of NaCl and the volume of the solution, you can plug those into the equation.
M = moles of NaCl / liters of solution
M = 1.5 mol NaCl / 2.3 L
M = 0.65 mol/L (or 0.65 M)
Answer: Molarity of the solution is and water is the solvent.
Explanation:
Given: Mass of solute = 26.8 g
Volume = 4.00 L
Now, moles of copper (II) chloride (molar mass = 134.45 g/mol) are calculated as follows.
Molarity is the number of moles of a substance divided by volume of solution in liter.
Therefore, molarity of given solution is calculated as follows.
Solvent is defined as a component which is present in higher amount in a solution. Generally, a solvent is present in liquid state but it can also be a solid or gas.
In the given solution, copper (II) chloride is dissolved in water so copper (II) chloride is the solute and water is the solvent.
Thus, we can conclude that molarity of the solution is and water is the solvent.
Explanation:
1. Explain how groups 1A-8A in the periodic table are organized by their number of valence electrons.
The valence electrons in an atom are the outermost shell electrons. They are the most loosely held electrons in an atom.
Coincidentally, the periodic table of elements divided into vertical groups and horizontal periods can be said to be arranged according to the number of valence electrons.
- Atomic numbers are used to arrange elements on the periodic table.
- Down a group, the number of electronic shell increases. More electrons are added to new energy levels.
- As we move from left to right across a period, the number of electrons in elements increases but electronic shell is the same.
- Down a group electronic shell increases but the number of valence electrons are the same.
- All elements in Group 1A has just one valence electrons, Group 2A has two valence electrons.........Group 8A has eight valence electrons.
- Moving across groups is synonymous to moving from left to right on the periodic table.
- Due to this trend, the periodic table is arranged based on the number of valence electrons.
3. explain how you know the number of valence electrons for each group.
The number of valence electrons in a group is the group number:
Group Number valence electrons
1A 1
2A 2
3A 3
4A 4
5A 5
6A 6
7A 7
8A 8
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A) Cu
Cu + 2HCl --> CuCl2 + H2(g)
Products predicted: Copper(II) choloride and hydrogen gas
B) Mg
Mg + 2HCl --> MgCl2 + H2
Products predicted: magnesium chloride + hygrogen gas
C) Fe
Fe +2 HCl -> FeCl2 + H2, or
2Fe +6 HCl -> 2FeCl3 + 3H2
Products predicted: Iron(II) chloride, iron (III) chloride and hydrogen gas.