Answer:
The CFTR behaves like a channel for chlorine. Its dysfunction affects both the transport of this ion and other ions and the transport of water, which causes a thickening of secretions, an alteration of mucociliary transport and local defenses, facilitating bacterial colonization and promoting the release of pro-inflammatory mediators in the airway
Explanation:
CFTR is a protein expressed in the epithelial cells of the respiratory system, pancreas, bile ducts, sweat glands and genitourinary system. It is made up of a single chain made up of 1,480 amino acids. It contains 12 hydrophobic regions embedded in the lipid membrane and acts as a channel for chlorine.The highest levels of expression of the CFTR protein are found in serous cells of the submucosal glands of the proximal airway. In them, Cl- is released to the outside. In addition, there are channels for Na +, through which this ion is also secreted in the same direction. These movements cause the displacement of water and also of mucins, originating in the submucosal glands, allowing their presence on the surface of the airway. For all this to occur normally, a basolateral Na + - K + - ATPase cotransporter must function, another basolateral cotransporter formed by Na +, K + and 2 Cl-, which allows the latter to enter the cell, and an apical CFTR channel through which it exits the Cl- of the cell towards the acinar lumen. Na + leaves the cell following Cl- by a paracellular pathway accompanied by water. When CFTR malfunctions, Cl- does not exit through this channel and this implies a decrease in Na + and water in the canalicular lumen, with the consequent thickening of secretions.
Answer:
It Is A Relationship A is mutualism and Relationship B is predation. Hope this help!
Explanation:
Answer:
Active Transport
Explanation:
Active transport is the process of transport of substances from region of their lower to that of higher concentration. Since the transport occurs against the concentration gradient, it is energy requiring process and needs input of energy to occur.
In given example, liver cells transports vitamins against the concentration gradient in energy dependent manner. Therefore, it is an example of "active transport".
ATP yield would decrease
Explanation:
In plant Carbon dioxide enters through Stomata and in stomata it diffuses over short distances through the intercellular process. it reaches the mesophyll cells. The other name of light independent phase is Calvin cycle whose name is in name of the person who discovered it. The light is not involved in this reaction so it is called light independent or dark cycle.
Analyze sample data. Test statistic. When the null hypothesis involves a mean or proportion, use either of the following equations to compute the test statistic. ...P-value. The P-value is the probability of observing a sample statistic as extreme as the test statistic, assuming the null hypotheis is true.
