Answer:
Activation of infectious inflammation:
PAMPs are derived from microorganisms and thus drive inflammation in response to infections. After identifying microorganisms infections PAMPs by PRRs, activate cytoplasmic complexes called inflammasomes.
After activation of inflammasomes, these inflammasomes activate the protease caspase-1, which then cleaves or breaks various pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in maturation and cellular release that cause inflammatory reactions.
<span>As humans change the way we live on the planet, the way that nitrogen moves around the Earth also changes. Nitrogen atoms may seem small enough to be easily overlooked. We look right through the ones in the air, do we not? Yet recent changes in the nitrogen cycle are causing a very noticeable effect on natural environments and human health. Lakes are clogged with aquatic weeds. Dead zones have formed in areas of the oceans where animals can not survive. Air pollutants that contain nitrogen are decreasing air quality and greenhouse gases that contain nitrogen are becoming more common.</span>
The answer is A, storing urine until it is eliminated.
The bladder stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and controlled. The bladder is lined by layers of muscle tissue that stretch to hold urine. The normal capacity of the bladder is 400-600 mL. During urination, the bladder muscles squeeze, and two sphincters (valves) open to allow urine to flow out.
The evidence supporting the idea that modern birds and reptiles share a common ancestor is that feathers are a derived characteristic that first evolved in reptiles. Feathers represent an evolutionary derived trait.
In evolutionary biology, an autapomorphy is a distinctive phenotypic trait referred to as a derived trait, which is unique to a particular group/taxon.
The derived traits are phenotypic features that arise during the evolution of a particular taxonomic group.
These traits (derived traits) differ from the phenotypic trait of the ancestor of the group.
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