The given question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows.
Citrate synthase catalyzes the reaction
Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA 
citrate + HS-CoA
The standard free energy change for the reaction is -31.5 kJ*mol^-1
(
a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for this reaction a 37degrees C
Explanation:
(a). It is known that
, relation between change in free energy (
) of a reaction and equilibrium constant (K) is as follows.
where, T = temperature in Kelvin
The given data is as follows.
T = 310 K, 
(as 1 kJ = 1000 J)
Now, putting the given values into the above formula as follows.
ln K = 
= 
ln K = 12.22
K = antilog (12.22)
= 
Therefore, we can conclude that value of equilibrium constant for the given reaction is .
By Pleistocene ice age is meant the glacial periods that appeared in the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene is the first epoch of the Quaternary. It is an epoch when there was a so called ''ice age'' on the Earth, or rather a glacial period. During this ice age the planet had much lower temperatures on a global scale. The climate was also much drier. Lot of ocean water was frozen in the ice sheets that were stretching deep into the North American and Eurasian continents, which resulted in much lower sea levels that today as well. The places further north than 40 degrees of latitude were almost exclusively covered with ice, so life was almost impossible apart from some coastline places.
The answer for this question is B) Ionization and Dissociation because Dissociation happens, charged particles form (ions), and since the ions didn't exist before the substance was dissolved, this process is called IONIZATION. It is the process that involves the formation of ions, a conversion of a substance into ions.
Answer:
See attached picture for both electrophillic substitution in pyrole and in pyridine.
Explanation:
