Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
Answer: <em>The Bottleneck Effect</em>
Explanation:
A Bottleneck effect is the sharp reduction of numbers of a population through environmental effects or human activity. It causes a loss of the genetic pool and its variety; genetic variation lowers and increases with time as random mutations occur.
Answer:
Peripheral proteins have a carbohydrate extending into the environment.
Explanation:
I think that's the answer but it may not be, if not I have no idea what it is.
<span>Bivalvia - Clams, Oysters, Scallops and Mussels.
Cephalopod - Octopi, Squids, Cuttlefish, and the Chambered Nautilus.
Gastropoda - Snails and Slugs.
<span> Polyplacophora - Chitons.</span></span>
The key evolutionary development of animals seen for the first time in sponges is that of Multicellularity. A Multicellular organism has a longer lifespan than an unicellular organism and since it has multiple cells, it can perform more functions. Sponges do not have distinct circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and excretory systems – instead the water flow system supports all these functions.
