The lines above from the Declaration of Independence are examples of the use of Logos since there is an appeal of supportive evidence and logic of the arguments. It is also because it has been used to convince the audience by applying logic and the statement is not based on an emotional appeal.
A book about a girl who got a necklace from her passed grandmother
It believe the answer is the second choice, "have a subject and a verb."
Independent clauses are complete sentences, which knocks out the third and fourth option.
Dependent clauses are not complete thoughts, knocking out the first option.
A crucial flaw was that the Constitution gave autonomy to each State to determine the requirements to vote. In this way the states limited the participation of people in the elections and generally gave the right to vote to those men who prove to own some land or pay taxes. Women were excluded from the elections, for which the voting population was reduced to 6% approximately.
My memory is normally horrible. xD
However, it does help to write things down. For formulas I assume you mean like math and science? I used to love going and buying that stack of sticky notes that's different colors and taking different color markers, and then like on a board or on the wall and color coding all my formulas, that made them easy to find. I also included the lesson and what page I found the formula on, that way if on a test or some thing you need information on it, it was easy to find.
As for analyzing a piece of writing, if its on paper I usually use a highlighter, and if its on the computer you can make a power point or word document with pictures and notes, I used to illustrate out my notes. This is great for visual learners, if you're an audio learner create song lyrics using the information you need to know, pick an instrumental you like and put that song with your notes, hum it till you remember the lyrics.
Just do some research on what type of learner you are and what's best suited for those type of people, then get creative and twist their ideas to suit you and your needs better.