E. Molarity of vinegar
i hope u get this i tried to figure it out hopefully im right
good luck!
To know this you pretty much do have to kind of memorize a few electronegativities. I don't recall ever getting a table of electronegativities on an exam.
From the structure, you have:
I remember the following electronegativities most because they are fairly patterned:
EN
H
=
2.1
EN
C
=
2.5
EN
N
=
3.0
EN
O
=
3.5
EN
F
=
4.0
EN
Cl
=
3.5
Notice how carbon through fluorine go in increments of
~
0.5
. I believe Pauling made it that way when he determined electronegativities in the '30s.
Δ
EN
C
−
Cl
=
1.0
Δ
EN
C
−
H
=
0.4
Δ
EN
C
−
C
=
0.0
Δ
EN
C
−
O
=
1.0
Δ
EN
O
−
H
=
1.4
So naturally, with the greatest electronegativity difference of
4.0
−
2.5
=
1.5
, the
C
−
F
bond is most polar, i.e. that bond's electron distribution is the most drawn towards the more electronegative compound as compared to the rest.
When the electron distribution is polarized and drawn towards a more electronegative atom, the less electronegative atom has to move inwards because its nucleus was previously favorably attracted to the electrons from the other atom.
That means generally, the greater the electronegativity difference between two atoms is, the shorter you can expect the bond to be, insofar as the electronegative atom is the same size as another comparable electronegative atom.
However, examining actual data, we would see that on average, in conditions without other bond polarizations occuring:
r
C
−
Cl
≈
177 pm
r
C
−
C
≈
154 pm
r
C
−
O
≈
143 pm
r
C
−
F
≈
135 pm
r
C
−
H
≈
109 pm
r
O
−
H
≈
96 pm
So it is not necessarily the least electronegativity difference that gives the longest bond.
Therefore, you cannot simply consider electronegativity. Examining the radii of the atoms, you should notice that chlorine is the biggest atom in the compound.
r
Cl
≈
79 pm
r
C
≈
70 pm
r
H
≈
53 pm
r
O
≈
60 pm
So assuming the answer is truly
C
−
C
, what would have to hold true is that:
The
C
−
F
bond polarization makes the carbon more electropositive (which is true).
The now more electropositive carbon wishes to attract bonding pairs from chlorine closer, thereby shortening the
C
−
Cl
bond, and potentially the
C
−
H
bond (which is probably true).
The shortening of the
C
−
Cl
bond is somehow enough to be shorter than the
C
−
C
bond (this is debatable).
The Change in Gibb's free energy, ΔG for the reaction at 298K is; -56.92KJ.
<h3>Gibb's free energy of reactions</h3>
It follows from the Gibb's free energy formula as expressed in terms of Enthalpy and Entropy that;
On this note, it follows that;
Hence, the Gibb's free energy for the reaction is;
- ΔG = 14.6 - 71.52
- ΔG = -56.92KJ
Remarks: The question requires that we determine the Gibb's free energy for the reaction at 298K.
Read more on Gibb's free energy;
brainly.com/question/13765848
Answer:
0.72 g of the lower oxide gave 0.8 g of higher oxide when oxidised. ... Thus, 90g of lower oxide contains as much metal as 100g of higher oxide, i.e., 80g (given). Hence, 80g of metal combines with 10g of oxygen in the lower oxide and 20g of oxygen in the higher oxide.
The semifluid or hot fluid substance within or below the crust of the Earth from which lava and other igneous rock are produced by cooling is known as magma.
The temperature and pressure elevate with depth, finally reaching to a level wherein the strongest rock is melted, transforming into magma. When the magma comes into contact with water, it instantly gets transformed into a rock, that is, the outside solidifies briskly, and the inside of it gets cold.