Answer:
How Mutations Can Lead to Human Evolution?
Explanation:
A mutation is the random change in the nucleotide sequence or in the DNA organization (genotype) of a living being, [1] that produces a variation in its characteristics and that is not necessarily transmitted to the offspring. It occurs spontaneously and suddenly or due to the action of mutagens. This change will be present in a small proportion of the population (variant) or the organism (mutation). The genetic unit capable of mutating is the gene, the unit of hereditary information that is part of DNA.
In multicellular beings, mutations can only be inherited when they affect reproductive cells. A consequence of mutations can be, for example, a genetic disease. However, although they may seem harmful in the short term, mutations are essential to our long-term existence. Without mutation there would be no change, and without change life could not evolve.
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In the mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell.
Answer:
If it´s not A then choose C
Explanation
If they were land animal and could not swim then the only logical reasoning would be that the two pieces of land drifted apart from each other and the fossils were in between them and that´s why they ended up in the ocean.
Answer:
Microarray technology is a very useful technology that allows to study the measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously. It consists of a solid support (that can be glass, silice, or nylon), and to it are attached a lot of single stranded DNA fragments that acts like probes. By complementarity, the genes corresponding to this probes that are being expressed at some time will attach to it. Probe-target hybridization is usually detected and quantified by detection of a fluorophore compund, a silver stained, or chemiluminescence-labeled targets.
Answer:
Release of electrons from reducing powers to O2 via four protein complexes allows release of small amount of energy at each step and makes the process energy efficient.
Explanation:
If NADH and FADH2 would reduce O2 directly, a large amount of energy would have been released in a single step. On the other hand, oxidation of these reducing powers through a series of electron carrier release a small amount of energy at each step which in turn is temporarily stored in form of proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Transfer of a pair of the electron to O2 pumps four protons by complex I, four by complex III and two by complex IV. The resultant proton motive force effectively stores the energy of electron transfer. This energy is then used to drive ATP synthesis.
