Answer:
The ability of caffeine to inhibit adenosine receptors, plays a very important role in heightened alertness and sleeplessness.
Explanation:
"<em><u>Caffeine</u></em>" (<em>1,3,7-trimethylxanthine</em>) is an alkaloid obtained from plants. It has a chemical formula of C8H10N4O2.
Caffeine is generally <em>hydrophillic</em> but sufficiently <em>lipophilic</em> to pass through all biological membranes and readily cross the blood-brain barrier.
Therefore can bind with the adenosine receptors. Due to the blocking of adenosine inhibitory effects through its receptors held by paraxanthine and caffeine, it indirectly affects the release of <u>norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, glutamate</u> e.t.c.
The release of the above-mentioned hormones have a great impact on the heightened alertness of the body, especially <em>dopamine</em> and <em>serotonin</em>.
The value of n, the Hill coefficient, for hemoglobin is about 2 to 3 times as great as the value for myoglobin.
Hill Equation
The two closely related equations that help to explain the binding of macromolecules to ligands are called the Hill equation. It helps to quantify the interaction between various ligand binding sites.
Hill coefficient
It is used to describe the cooperativity of ligand binding. It can be positive and negative depending on the value of the Hill coefficient. If the value of the Hill coefficient is more than one then it exhibits positively cooperative binding and if it is less than one then it exhibits negatively cooperative binding. Then there is the noncooperative binding where the Hill coefficient value is one. As for the hemoglobin and myoglobin, the values are,
- Hill coefficient of hemoglobin is 2.7 - 3.
- Hill coefficient of myoglobin is 1.0.
Thus hemoglobin is positively cooperative and myoglobin exhibits noncooperative binding.
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Answer:
they are smaller then cells
Explanation:
they are composed of many atoms
The advantage of this type of anatomical relationship is that this enables the pituitary to receive signals before sending hormones to the rest of the body through the blood.
The anterior pituitary, a significant component of the endocrine system, is the glandular anterior lobe that, along with the posterior lobe (also known as the posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis), constitutes the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
Stress, growth, reproduction, and lactation are just a few of the physiological activities that the anterior pituitary controls.
Blood tests that assess hormone levels are frequently used to determine if the anterior pituitary and the organs it controls are functioning properly.
The hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal veins deliver hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones directly to the anterior pituitary gland.
Certain hormones from the hypothalamus bind to receptors on particular anterior pituitary cells, controlling how much of the hormone they generate is released.
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