Structurally, plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both eukaryotic cells. They both contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Both also contain similar membranes, cytosol, and cytoskeletal elements.
<h3><u>Answer and Explanation;</u></h3>
- <u>Endosymbiotic theory</u> explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria and their double membrane. Mitochondria of eukaryotes evolved from aerobic bacteria living within their host cell and the chloroplasts of eukaryotes evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.
- On the other hand according to the <u>autogenous hypothesis, </u>mitochondria and chloroplasts have evolved within the protoeukaryote cell by compartmentalizing plasmids or vesicles of DNA within a pinched off invagination of the cell membrane.
- <u>Endosymbiont theory </u>is the theory that suggests that simple prokaryotic cells were engulfed by larger prokaryotes 1.5 billion years ago.
- <u>Autogenous theory</u> is a theory that was proposed as an alternative to endosymbiont theory. proposes that eukaryotic organelles formed by infolding of the plasma membrane.
- <u>Horizontal gene transfer theory</u> is an alternative to endosymbiont and autogenous theories for the origin of complex organelles in eukaryotes.
Answer:
The correct answer is "strengths: inexpensive, easy to culture, short life cycle, large number of offspring; weaknesses: invertebrate model, some diseases such as immunological cannot be modelled, anatomical features are very different from humans"
Explanation:
The fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> is one of the most used animal model for genetic and biomedical studies. There are many advantages of using Drosophila as model, including that it is very inexpensive to handle, it is easy to culture, it has a short life cycle allowing to observe the changes in phenotype very quickly and its large number of offspring allows to include several repetitions per trait in a study. However, there are some weaknesses of using Drosophila to study human biology. First, obviously the fruit fly is very different from humans, it is an invertebrate and its anatomical features are very different, which makes impossible to model some disorders such as immunological diseases.
Arrow a should point to muscle tissue, arrow B should point to an organ, arrow c should point to organ system.
