Answer:
The lower region of the human body contains the umbilical region, coxal region, and inguinal region.
Explanation:
A Drug Trend report published in 2009 had predicted continued price increase among traditional branded and biotech drugs that lack generic competition. Now, further, CMS has reduced its Average Sales price (ASP) margin from 6 percent to 4 percent for non-pass-thorough. This has affected pharmacy reimbursement. However, there are certain other aspects of Pharmacy Billing that can affect reimbursement and thereby the Revenue Cycle Management (RCM) process if not well implemented.
1. Data Workflow:
Recognizing how the revenue cycle works in pharmacy is very essential. Procurement to Inventory, billing and reimbursement involves purchase of medications, their storage, and method of dispensing, how they are administered, way they are coded & billed, and finally reimbursed. If the drug is covered as a pharmacy benefit, or the payer needs that to be obtained via a specialty pharmacy as identified through patient-specific benefit verification, then here both the provider and the pharmacy are part of the reimbursement process. The physician writes a prescription and orders the drug. This is followed by the pharmacy that fills the order and issues the drug to the physician, CMHC, or hospital outpatient department. Here the pharmacy bills the insurance company for the drug. If any information is entered incorrectly into the pharmacy system in the initial phase of the cycle, errors can prove to be costly, impacting aspects of clinical and revenue cycle.
2. Procurement:
During this phase information is converted from purchased quantities and pricing to storage units of measure (UOM) and inventory costs. Manually entering the data is followed in most cases. UOM conversions, when data is uploaded from the wholesale distributor to the pharmacy system, are also checked and verified manually. Here too mistakes can lead to breakdown in the revenue cycle management (RCM) process.
3. The Charge master:
Critical & substantial revenue leakage can occur when separately reimbursable medications are either missing from or miscoded in the charge master. Conversion of pharmaceutical quantities is a must from purchased amounts to patient-administered amounts, and only then made billable. There is often a difference between dosage amounts required for patient use as from that purchased. Besides inventory, the clinician and pharmacist should convert dosage, strength, and delivery mechanism for each drug. Drug data must be correctly converted from the quantities residing in clinical systems into the payer-billable quantities appropriate for the financial system or charge master. The UOMs must be reconciled to avoid any under- or over-payments. More than often, missing or incorrect data in the charge master can result in negative financial consequences – denied claims, partial reimbursement, and compliance risks.
4. Linkages between Purchases & Billing:
Most hospitals have separate processes to order drugs, administer them, and process reimbursement. Without linkage between pharmacy expenditures for medications (i.e., spend data) and the charge master, ensuring proper charge capture and optimal reimbursement is a challenge. Besides hospitals should have automated tools to identify charge capture errors precisely, so as to pinpoint when and where their occurrence to decreasing revenue loss.
Answer:
The diagram presented is useful to understand the difference between these two types of exchange, which represents two fluid streams that travel parallel separated by a semipermeable or thermo-conductive membrane. The blue color represents the lowest value of the characteristic to be exchanged, while the red color indicates the highest value, so that the direction of the transfer will be of the fluid with the highest value to the lowest value. In the specific case of heat, the movement follows the second law of thermodynamics and in the case of solids as solutes the phenomenon of osmosis is followed. Exchange in equicorrent and countercurrent.
Direct flow
In this system the two fluids go in the same direction and their gradient varies along the flow path. Taking into account that the fluid present in the two tubes is the same, this method of exchange is only capable of exchanging half of the property (heat, matter, concentration, etc.) between fluids, no matter how long the flow path If either of the two currents changes their property by 50% or more, the exchange will be interrupted since the gradient is reduced to zero, indicating that the equilibrium point has been reached. In case of having unequal flows, the equilibrium conditions will be a little closer to the conditions of the current that has the greatest flow.
Answer:
Bradycardia
Explanation:
peripheral chemoreceptors by a reduction in the arterial partial pressure of O2, slows heart rate
