Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a simple rod-shaped helical virus that contains single stranded RNA situated at its middle and is surrounded by a protein coat called capsid. After tobacco mosaic virus enters its infected host cells through mechanical inoculation, it removes its capsid to release its single stranded viral nucleic acid which is then transported into the nucleolus. The single stranded viral RNA actuates the production of specific enzymes (RNA polymerases) and it also produces another RNA strand (replicative RNA). The new viral-RNAs are transported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm and functions as messenger-RNAs (mRNAs). Each mRNA, ribosomes, and t-RNA, of the infected host cell all controls the production of protein subunits (capsomeres). After the production of the preferred capsomeres, the new viral-RNAs arrange the capsomeres around it which lead to the production of a complete virus particle (virion). The viruses then migrate from one cell to another. Hence, creating organized infection.
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Molecular biology has enabled the identification of the mechanisms whereby inactive myostatin increases skeletal muscle growth in double-muscled (DM) animals. Myostatin is a secreted growth differentiation factor belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Mutations make the myostatin gene inactive, resulting in muscle hypertrophy. The relationship between the different characteristics of DM cattle are defined with possible consequences for livestock husbandry. The extremely high carcass yield of DM animals coincides with a reduction in the size of most vital organs. As a consequence, DM animals may be more susceptible to respiratory disease, urolithiasis, lameness, nutritional stress, heat stress and dystocia, resulting in a lower robustness. Their feed intake capacity is reduced, necessitating a diet with a greater nutrient density. The modified myofiber type is responsible for a lower capillary density, and it induces a more glycolytic metabolism. There are associated changes for the living animal and post-mortem metabolism alterations, requiring appropriate slaughter conditions to maintain a high meat quality. Intramuscular fat content is low, and it is characterized by more unsaturated fatty acids, providing healthier meat for the consumer. It may not always be easy to find a balance between the different disciplines underlying the livestock husbandry of DM animals to realize a good performance and health and meat quality.
Density-Dependent Factors. Which is a limiting factor that depends on population size.
Conidia are fungus spores. Macrocnidia means that the fungus spores are complex and large. Microconidia are fungus spores that are smaller.