The pathway between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the Nucleus Accumbens is critical for the addiction process because lesions to this pathway eliminate addiction. It is a part of the brain.
<h3>What is the nucleus accumbens?</h3>
The nucleus accumbens refers to a part of the forebrain located in the hypothalamus.
The nucleus accumbens is an interface between motivation (i.e., stimuli) and the corresponding action (response).
The nucleus accumbens is fundamental in different responses such as, for example, rewards, stressful situations, drug behavior, etc.
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Answer:
The resting membrane potential is created and maintained due to the difference in the total charge or ions present outside and inside of the cell. The resting membrane potential depolarize if sodium come in and and potassium leaves the cell.
Explanation:
The resting membrane is maintained and created by the distribution of potassium and sodium ions. The membrane potential of a resting cell is -70mV (negative) because more sodium ions is present outside the cell than the potassium ions present inside the cell.
When the sodium ions enter inside the cell and potassium ions move outside the cell, the inside of the cell becomes more positive as compared to the outside and the membrane potential changes from -70 mV to +30 mV. The cells will depolarize due to the accumulation of sodium ions inside the cell.
Glucagon
This is a hormone that deals with blood sugar homeostasis. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon is produced to convert the fats in the reserve back to glucose until normal levels are achieved.
Explanation:
Bone remodeling involves coordinations of osteoclasts and osteoblasts cells in the bone. The former breaks down bone tissue while the latter mineralizes bones. Calcium is the main ion in the body significant in mineralization of bone. Excess Ca2+ is stored in bone while low calcium levels in blood result in bone resorption.
Stress on a bone also causes increased mineralization to strengthen the bone against this stress. This is why astronauts when they go to space, due to less stress from low gravity, bone loses its mass. When they return back to earth, the bone readjusts to the increased stress from higher gravity by increased mineralization.
The hormone responsible for bone homeostasis is parathyroid hormone.
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First, ISA means Industry Standard Architecture. it is a standard bus architecture that is associated with the IBM AT motherboard. The Industry Standard Architecture has three key functions. first is it is informative, the second is it is directional and the last one is it is locational.