A genetic outcome of a genetic cross between the same parents is independent of previous outcomes.
<h3>What is genetic variation?</h3>
Genetic variation can be defined as the genetic poll of an organism, which is the raw material trough which evolution can occur by natural selection.
During sexual reproduction, the formation of gametes generates different genetic backgrounds which are independent of distinct gametes.
In conclusion, each genetic outcome of a genetic cross between the same parents is independent of all previous outcomes.
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Results
We systematically analyze and compare how different modelling methodologies can be used to describe translation. We define various statistically equivalent codon-based simulation algorithms and analyze the importance of the update rule in determining the steady state, an aspect often neglected. Then a novel probabilistic Boolean network (PBN) model is proposed for modelling translation, which enjoys an exact numerical solution. This solution matches those of numerical simulation from other methods and acts as a complementary tool to analytical approximations and simulations. The advantages and limitations of various codon-based models are compared, and illustrated by examples with real biological complexities such as slow codons, premature termination and feedback regulation. Our studies reveal that while different models gives broadly similiar trends in many cases, important differences also arise and can be clearly seen, in the dependence of the translation rate on different parameters. Furthermore, the update rule affects the steady state solution.
Conclusions
The codon-based models are based on different levels of abstraction. Our analysis suggests that a multiple model approach to understanding translation allows one to ascertain which aspects of the conclusions are robust with respect to the choice of modelling methodology, and when (and why) important differences may arise. This approach also allows for an optimal use of analysis tools, which is especially important when additional complexities or regulatory mechanisms are included. This approach can provide a robust platform for dissecting translation, and results in an improved predictive framework for applications in systems and synthetic biology.
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Pollen grain, embryos, seed coatings, and megasporangium.
Strip mining is type of surface mining which includes mining a seam of mineral, by first removing a long strip of overlying soil and rock. Strip mining is often involved in the production of coal and brown coal (lignite). The machines that enable strip mining are<span> </span>bucket-wheel excavators<span> .</span>
The answer is carbohydrate.
