An<em> </em><em>ionic bond</em><em> is an electrostatic force that holds ions together in an ionic compound</em>. The overall stability of a solid ionic compound depends on the interactions of all the ions and not merely on the interaction of a single cation with a single anion. A quantitative measure of the stability of any ionic solid is its <em>lattice energy</em><em>, defined as the energy required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions.</em>
Lattice energy cannot be measured directly. However, if we know the structure and composition of an ionic compound, we can calculate the compound’s lattice energy by using <em>Coulomb’s law</em><em>, which states that the potential energy (</em><em>E</em><em>) between two ions is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the distance of separation between them</em>. For a single Li⁺ ion and a single F⁻ ion separated by distance r, the potential energy of the system is given by:
where QLi⁺and QF⁻ are the charges on the Li⁺ and F⁻ ions and k is the proportionality constant. From this equation we can see that the greater the absolute charges and the smaller the ions (smaller r) the greater the potential energy E, which means that the ionic bond will be stronger.
The question is incomplete. The complete question is :
In science, we like to develop explanations that we can use to predict the outcome of events and phenomena. Try to develop an explanation that tells how much NaOH needs to be added to a beaker of HCl to cause the color to change. Your explanation can be something like: The color change will occur when [some amount] of NaOH is added because the color change occurs when [some condition]. The goal for your explanation is that it describes the outcome of this example, but can also be used to predict the outcome of other examples of this phenomenon. Here's an example explanation: The color of the solution will change when 40 ml of NaOH is added to a beaker of HCl because the color always changes when 40ml of base is added. Although this explanation works for this example, it probably won't work in examples where the flask contains a different amount of HCl, such as 30ml. Try to make an explanation that accurately predicts the outcome of other versions of this phenomenon.
Solution :
Consider the equation of the reaction between NaOH and
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl(aq) +
The above equation tells us that of reacts with of .
So at the equivalence point, the moles of NaOH added = moles of present.
If the volume of the taken = mL and the conc. of = mole/L
The volume of NaOH added up to the color change = mole/L
Moles of taken = moles.
The color change will occur when the moles of NaOH added is equal to the moles of taken.
Thus when
or when
or mL of NaOH added, we observe the color change.
Where are the volume and molarity of the taken.
is the molarity of NaOH added.
When both the NaOH and are of the same concentrations, i.e. if , then
Or the 40 mL of will need 40 mL of NaOH for a color change and
30 mL of would need 30 mL of NaOH for the color change (provided the concentration )
Increasing temperatures in a reaction increases the kinetic energy of the reactant molecules. This causes them to move fast and hence collide with a higher frequency. The higher the rate of collision between the molecules, the faster the reaction.