The flow of energy from one level to another does not happen with 100% efficiency. The producers only transfer 10% of the energy they absorb from the Sun. The major chunk of the absorbed energy goes into the growth of the producers, the rest gets lost in the form of waste (shedding of leaves, reproduction, etc.) and the remaining 10% is the amount that is available to the primary consumers. So by this logic, if there is 150,000 KJ of energy available at the producer level, then, only 15,000 KJ of energy will get transferred to the primary consumers.
Contemporary landscapes result from many causes, including variability in abiotic conditions, such as climate, topography, and soils; biotic interactions, such as competition, mutualism, herbivory, and predation, that can generate spatial pattern even when environmental conditions are homogenous; natural disturbances. I hope this helps :)
