Answer:
The correct answer is actually the first option: When an argument is over, how many weighty reasons does a man recollect which his heat and violence made him utterly forget?
Explanation:
We are looking for textual evidence to support the conclusion that anger clouds a person't judgment. The only option that does so is the first one. To cloud one's judgment is an expression that refers to something's capacity to prevent someone from thinking clearly. For instance, getting drunk is often associated with clouding someone's judgment, since drunk people are often unable to think properly, and end up making wrong choices.
The first option supports the claim that anger prevents people from thinking clearly. After anger has subsided, when we are able to think calmly and reasonably again, we remember reasons, facts, information that were impossible to recollect while being angry. An angry person, thus, is only able to focus on the cause of their anger, but cannot see the bigger picture.