The Mercator map projection is a cylindrical map projection that was presented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569. Gerardus Mercator was a Flemish geographer and cartographer. It became the standard map projection for navigation because of it's cool one of a kind property of "representing any course of constant bearing as a straight segment."
Weather refers to short term atmospheric conditions while climate is the weather of a specific region averaged over a long period of time. Climate change refers to long-term changes.