Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP. The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain when they gain electrons.
As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water. Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen in order to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without oxidative phosphorylation.). As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen in order to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen directly, but the other two stages can't run without oxidative phosphorylation.
Answer:
Hello. You did not enter the answer options, but the factor that most directly influences a measurable result in an experiment is the manipulation of the variables.
Explanation:
In an experiment, the manipulation of variables becomes highly important so that it is possible to measure, that is, evaluate the result. This is because it is the variables that express values that represent the characteristics that are being analyzed and studied within the experiment. Therefore, the manipulation between them must be done in a very rational and balanced way so as not to modify the values shown by them, changing the data and generating false or immeasurable data.
Answer:
West Nile virus (WNV) causes epidemics of febrile illness, meningitis, encephalitis, and flaccid paralysis. Since it was first detected in New York City in 1999, and through 2004, 16,000 WNV disease cases have been reported in the United States. Over the past 5 years, research on WNV disease has expanded rapidly. This review highlights new information regarding the virology, clinical manifestations, and pathology of WNV disease, which will provide a new platform for further research into diagnosis, treatment, and possible prevention of WNV through vaccination.
Explanation:
Bony fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal.
define amphibian ?
Amphibians are four-limbed, ectothermic animals that belong to the class Amphibia. The phylum Lissamphibia includes every extant amphibian. They live in a broad range of habitats, with the majority of species being found in freshwater aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, or arboreal settings. Therefore, amphibians normally begin their lives as aquatic larvae, but certain species have evolved behavioural adaptations to get around this.
The young typically transition from a larval stage with gills to an adult form with lungs. Some tiny terrestrial salamanders and frogs rely solely on their skin for respiration, whereas amphibians use their skin as a supplementary respiratory surface. Although they resemble lizards on the surface, reptiles, like mammals and birds, are amniotes and do not need bodies of water to survive.
Bony fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, and mammal.
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Answer:
If the mother's blood type is O, and the child's blood type is B, a man would be exonerated from paternity if he has blood type A or O.
Explanation:
In the above case, if a mother has blood type O and her child has blood type B, a man can be exonerated from paternity only if his blood type is A or O, and responsible if he is type B or AB.
The blood type is defined by the presence of surface antigens in the red blood cell, called A and B. The presence of each antigen is determined by a gene present on the parental chromosomes.
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</em><u><em>Blood type A</em></u><em> corresponds to the presence of gene A, and its genotypic expression can be A/A or A/O.
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- <u><em>Type B blood</em></u><em>, whose genotype is B/B or B/O, is due to the presence of a gene containing the B antigen.
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- <u><em>AB blood</em></u><em> —due to codominance— has one gene for A and another for B, with genotype A/B.
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- <em>Blood type O, characterised by the absence of surface antigens, behaves like a recessive trait, which only manifests itself in the absence of surface antigens A and B. The genotype is O/O.
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By making a hypothetical crossing between mother and man, one can observe why he can be exonerated.
<u>Man with blood type O
</u>
♂ O|O
♀ O|O
Alleles O O
O O|O O|O
O O|O O|O
The only possibility, in this case, is to have children with type O blood. No chance of children B.
<u>Male with blood type A
</u>
♂ A|O
♀ O|O
Alleles A O
O A|O O|O
O A|O O|O
In this case there is a 50% chance that the children will be blood type A and 50% chance that they will be O. No chance of children B.
In the case of a man A|A the result is 100% probability of children A|O, and no probability of children B.
<em>So, a </em><em>man with blood types A (any genotype) and O, can be exonerated from paternity</em><em>, since it is </em><em>impossible for him to have a child of blood type B, when the mother is of blood type O</em>.
