Bacteroid has a thick cell wall which is absent in a bacterial cell(its outer structure is made up of a cytoplasmic membrane).
accumulations of genetic mutations over time.
Genetic and epigenetic changes compound over time to cause cancer. While aging and chronic inflammation are the major causes of epigenetic changes, carcinogenic substances, UV radiation, and other conditions can also cause genetic changes. Our prior exposure levels and life history are reflected in the accumulation and patterns of changes in normal cells. The majority of accumulated changes are regarded as passengers, although they are linked to cancer drivers as they accumulate. Although only hypothesized for genetic changes, this has been demonstrated for aberrant DNA methylation. However, modern technology has made it possible to assess uncommon point mutations, and research has revealed that the rates of their accumulation do actually correspond with cancer risk.
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The primary goal is to achieve an undetectable viral load.
The following are key treatment goals:
- maximal viral load suppression.
- Restoring and preserving the immune functions
- Prevention of transmission of the virus.
Correct answer: Option D- DNA ligase
Explanation: In option A, thymine is a nucleotide, so it is present throughout the replication process, wherever it is required. It is added to the newly formed DNA. In option B, Helicase enzyme is active during initiation and elongation stage, as it facilitates the opening of the winded DNA strands. Option C is nucleotidase and it has no role in DNA replication. So, the correct answer is DNA ligase, which is option D.
The okazaki fragments formed during DNA replication are sealed at the end. And in this step, DNA ligase is used. It catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bond between the nucleotides of okazaki fragments. So it is the last active molecule of the process.
