A rapid lateral flow immunoassay is presented that uses carboxyl-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles as labels that can be quantified by highly sensitive multi-channel electronic readers. The approach is generic in that it is likely to be applicable to numerous small molecules. The method permits both single- and multiplex assays at a point-of-need without sample pretreatment. It is user-friendly and offers attractive characteristics demonstrated here for detection of morphine, fentanyl and methamphetamine in . The competitive immunoassay uses commercially available reagents that do not require special permissions. After migration of sample, the lateral flow test strips are subjected to an alternating magnetic field at two frequencies. The response from the nanolabels is readout at a combinatorial frequency from the entire volume of a porous immunochromatographic membrane by the magnetic particle quantification technique.
application to the determination of drugs of abuse.
Estimating the detection time of a drug in urine is complex because of many different influencing factors and the lack of experimental data. Detection times vary depending on dose and route of administration, metabolism and characteristics of the screening and confirmation assays. Using a cut-off value of 1000 ng/mL, urinary samples can be positive for amphetamine for up to 5 days after intake of the drug.
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Answer:
The fraction of the offspring that will show the phenotype produced by the recessive c allele is 1024/4096 = 0.25 A-BbccDdE-Ff = 25%
Explanation:
You can calculate the fraction of the offspring that will show the phenotype produced by the recessive c allele by making the punnet square for each gene and then multipling the phenotypic proportions, like this:
Cross) AAbbCcDDEeff x AaBBCcddEEFF
Cross For each gene by separately:
Gametes) A A A a
F1) 2/4 AA
2/4 Aa
Gametes) b b B b
F1) 4/4 Bb
Gametes) C c C c
F1) 1/4 CC
2/4 Cc
1/4 cc
Gametes) D D d d
F1) 4/4 Dd
Gametes) E e E E
F1) 2/4 Ee
2/4 EE
Gametes) f f F F
F1) 4/4 Ff
So, fraction of the offspring that will show the phenotype produced by the recessive c allele is:
4/4 A- x 4/4 Bb x 1/4 cc x 4/4 Dd x 4/4 E- x 4/4 Ff =
1024/4096 = 0.25 A-BbccDdE-Ff =25%
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
in the early 1900s development of Salvarsan, an arsenic-based drug to treat syphilis.
Decent from a common ancestor; natural selection.
