The publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
<h3>What are cytokines?</h3>
Cytokines are molecules of the immune system that act during different types of immune responses, especially in inflammatory pathways.
Cytokines are mainly secreted by helper T immune cells (T cells) and macrophages.
In this case, the publication above mentioned uses different cytokine biomarkers to test inflammatory responses after orthodontic treatment (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, etc).
In conclusion, the publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
Learn more about cytokines here:
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Answer:
M phase: 4.8 hr
Prophase: 2.4 hr
Prometaphase: 0.72 hr
Metaphase: 0.24 hr
Anaphase: 0.84 hr
Telophase: 0.6 hr
Explanation:
Mitosis, also known as M phase, is the process of nuclear division after interphase, which is followed by cytoplasmic division via cytokinesis. Mitosis can be subdivided into the following phases: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. In this case, 160 cells are in interphase (for a total of 200 cells), thereby 40 cells are in mitosis >> 200 - 160 = 40 cells. Since the complete cell cycle requires 24 hours, it is possible to calculate the average duration of each phase:
M phase: 40/200 = 0.2 x 24 hr = 4.8 hr
Prophase: 20/200 = 0.1 x 24 hr = 2.4 hr
Prometaphase: 6/200 = 0.030 x 24 hr = 0.72 hr
Metaphase: 2/200 = 0.01 x 24 hr = 0.24 hr
Anaphase: 7/200 = 0.035 x 24 hr = 0.84 hr
Telophase: 5/200 = 0.025 x 24 hr = 0.6 hr
