Answer:
See explanation and images attached
Explanation:
a) In the mechanism for the acid catalysed esterification of propanoic acid using ethanol, we can see that the first step is the protonation of the acid followed by nucleophillic attack of the alcohol. Loss of water and consequent deprotonation regenerates the acid catalyst. We can see the fate of the 18O labelled ethanol in the mechanism shown.
b) In the second mechanism, an unnamed ester is hydrolysed using an acid catalyst. The attack of the acid and subsequent nucleophillic attack of water labelled with 18O leads to the incorporation of this 18O into the product acid as shown in the mechanism attached to this answer.
Answer : Option 1) The true statement is each carbon-oxygen bond is somewhere between a single and double bond and the actual structure of format is an average of the two resonance forms.
Explanation : The actual structure of formate is found to be a resonance hybrid of the two resonating forms. The actual structure for formate do not switches back and forth between two resonance forms.
The O atom in the formate molecule with one bond and three lone pairs, in the resonance form left with reference to the attached image, gets changed into O atom with two bonds and two lone pairs.
Again, the O atom with two bonds and two lone pairs on the resonance form left, changed into O atom with one bond and three lone pairs. It concludes that each carbon-oxygen bond is neither a single bond nor a double bond; each carbon-oxygen bond is somewhere between a single and double bond.
Also, it is seen that each oxygen atom does not have neither a double bond nor a single bond 50% of the time.
Scientist typically use the international system of measurements, or the metric system. If you mean English as in England, then yes.<span> The United States' system of measurement is not usually used by scientists.</span>
When air pressure is low it is Cold