In the carbon cycle, decomposers break down dead material from plants and other organisms and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, where it's available to plants for photosynthesis. ... After death, decomposition releases carbon into the air, soil and water.
Bacteria have different phage resistance mechanisms, such as spontaneous mutations, the CRISPR-Cas system.
Spontaneous mutations are the main mechanisms leading to phage resistance by altering the structure of bacterial wall components that act as phage receptors. These include lipopolysaccharides (LPS), outer membrane proteins, cell wall teichoic acids, capsules, and other bacterial components.
Is very bad. what is the question
The way in which you need to solve this is by using the formula:
<span>R = ρL/A
</span>That one is the formula that demonstrates <span>Resistance of a wire in Ω.
The formula can be explained like this:
</span><span>ρ is resistivity of the material in Ω-m </span>
<span>L is length in meters </span>
<span>A is cross-sectional area in m² </span>
<span>A = πr², r is radius of wire in m
As soon as you have your numbers, you can replace and proceed to get the asnwer</span>
