Numerous degenerative neurological conditions, most notably Parkinson's disease, have been linked to an excessive buildup of alpha synuclein (a-syn) in the brain. Intraneuronal inclusions, often known as Lewy bodies, are neuropathological characteristics seen in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and other synucleopathies. The aggregation of a-syn is their main structural component. A-syn accumulation, aggregation, and ensuing Lewy body formation can be attributed to a variety of biological processes. These include genetic changes in parkin, synuclein, or the deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH-L1), which results in less efficient removal of a-syn via the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway (UPP). Additionally, environmental variables and an age-related decline in antioxidant defense mechanisms that heighten oxidative stress and can have an impact on the formation or clearance of a-syn are intracellular insults.
We focused on changes in the aggregation and clearance of a-syn as impacted by the UPP and the oxidative stress pathways in our dynamic models of a-syn processing in both normal and various disease states. A free radical profile similar to that observed in vivo after exposure to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine is produced during simulation of enhanced oxidative stress (MPTP). To replicate the kinetics of a-syn that correlates to the neuropathology reported for the sporadic and hereditary types of Parkinson's disease, different model parameters of oxidative stress, UPP failure, or both routes are used. With the use of this in silico model, it is possible to evaluate the kinetics of pathway elements and more accurately identify and validate key pharmaceutical targets.
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The heat from hotter object goes to the cooler object. when they reach the same temperature the heat flow will stop.
A dependent variable is how they are recording, measuring or keeping track of the science experiment their doing.
A independent variable is the things/types there using to compare what is the most/least affective in the experiment.
A controlled variable is something that stays the same in the experiment or a group/set used for comparison
Answer:
Explanation:
Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe, but here on earth, it's rather rare. Most people guess that we extract helium from the air, but actually we dig it out of the ground. Helium can be found in certain parts of the world, notably in Texas, as a minor component in some sources of natural gas.
Helium is generated underground by the radioactive decay of heavy elements such as uranium and thorium. Part of the radiation from these elements consists of alpha particles, which form the nuclei of helium atoms. ... Helium can also be produced by liquefying air and separating the component gases
When the gas contains more than about 0.4% helium by volume, a cryogenic distillation method is often used in order to recover the helium content. Once the helium has been separated from the natural gas, it undergoes further refining to bring it to 99.99+% purity for commercial use.
