The translation is the process of protein synthesis where the information on RNA is expressed in the form of polypeptide chains. Transcription is the first step in gene expression. The translation is the second and final step of gene expression. Transcription occurs before translation
Answer:
<em>Kreb cycle occurs in mitochondrial matrix and electron transport system occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria.</em>
Mitosis begins with prophase, during which chromosomes recruit condensin and begin to undergo a condensation process that will continue until metaphase. In most species, cohesin is largely removed from the arms of the sister chromatids during prophase, allowing the individual sister chromatids to be resolved.
Prometaphase begins with the abrupt fragmentation of the nuclear envelope into many small vesicles that will eventually be divided between the future daughter cells. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane is an essential step for spindle assembly.
Next, chromosomes assume their most compacted state during metaphase, when the centromeres of all the cell's chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle. Metaphase is particularly useful in cytogenetics, because chromosomes can be most easily visualized at this stage. Furthermore, cells can be experimentally arrested at metaphase with mitotic poisons such as colchicine.
The progression of cells from metaphase into anaphase is marked by the abrupt separation of sister chromatids. A major reason for chromatid separation is the precipitous degradation of the cohesin molecules joining the sister chromatids by the protease separase.
Mitosis ends with telophase, or the stage at which the chromosomes reach the poles. The nuclear membrane then reforms, and the chromosomes begin to decondense into their interphase conformations. Telophase is followed by cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. The daughter cells that result from this process have identical genetic compositions.
Answer:
interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.
Explanation:
Answer and explanation:
One of the unordered forms of the dying cell is necrosis.
Necrosis is caused by lesions that impede internal balance control: water and some ions, especially sodium and calcium, normally pumped out, flow freely into the swelling and rupturing cell. The necrosis rupture releases into the surrounding tissue cellular content, rich in proteases, enzymes that "cut" other proteins, and other toxic substances. In addition to direct toxicity to neighboring cells, the stroke generates substances that attract immune cells, causing an intense inflammatory reaction: some types of white blood cells, especially neutrophils and macrophages, converge to necrosis tissue and ingest dead cells. Inflammation, typical of necrosis, is important for limiting infections and removing cell debris, but white blood cell activity and secretions can also damage neighboring, sometimes devastating, normal tissues.
