Human monoclonal antibody (mAbs) are emerging in the field of cancer therapy and have become an increasing proportion of new drugs that are recently approved. Although there are some methods to obtain antigen-specific mAbs from human B cells, it is generally impossible to directly immunize human beings with antigens of interest. For example, for infectious agents, those approaches are largely restricted. To solve these obstacles, two main approaches have been developed; either by humanizing antigen-specific antibodies from small experimental animals (which is laborious due to the great genetic differences from humans) or rely on the in vitro selection of antigen-specific binders from human antibody repertoires. However, the human mAbs developed by these methods are usually with low affinity.
We are now coming up with a much better idea that is humanizing non-human primates mAbs instead of murine mAbs. Due to the close genetic relationship with humans, immunized NHPs have more potential to be isolated with high affinity antibody to human target than other experimental species, such as mouse, rat and rabbit. In addition, with appropriate method, NHP antibodies are much<span> easier to be humanized</span> without any loss of affinity compared to widely used murine antibodies.
Resource: http://www.creative-biolabs.com/High-Affi-TM-Human-Antibody-Discovery.html
Answer: Decomposer
Explanation:
Bacteria feed on the dead and decaying organism, in which they feed on them and obtain energy from them.
It is not a mutual relation because the host cell on which they feed is not alive. They eat the organic matter that is present in environment.
The bacteria and fungi clean the environment in this way. The dead plants and animals are decomposed in the environment and the nutrients get back into the soil.
hence, the correct answer is option B
B) cortisol ensures that the brain has glucose when it’s necessary. Cortisol is a steroid hormone that helps control blood sugar levels, metabolism, and inflammation. Glucose, also known as sugar, is an energy source used in cells in the body. The brain is highly demanding of energy since it is so rich in nerve cells and neurons, so glucose is essential to the brain. Too much can harm the brain though, so it is important for the cortisol to control the sugar levels.
Answer:
The gastrovascular cavity is a structure found in primitive animal phyla. It is responsible for both the digestion of food and the transport of nutrients throughout the body. The cavity has only one opening to the environment. Food goes in and waste comes out that same opening, making it a two-way digestive tract
Explanation:
Explanation:
The middle ear is an air-filled cavity that sits between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear. The middle ear also consists of three tiny bones called ossicles , the round window, the oval window , and the Eustachian tube .