Answer:
B) the relative deprivation principal.
Explanation:
Based on the information provided within the question it seems that Arthur's experience is best explained in terms of the relative deprivation principal. This principle basically explains the behaviors and actions of someone that believes that they deserve something that others possess. Which seems to be the case with Arthur, since he believes that he deserves a B or A solely because all his classmates got those grades.
Garstang's Auricularia hypothesis suggests that ancestral vertebrates may have evolved from urochordate larvae.
What is Garstang's Auricularia?
The auricularia hypothesis, proposed by Garstang was an attempt to explain how the chordate body plan originated from a deuterostome common ancestor by emphasizing the significance of changes in larval forms. According to the Garstang Hypothesis, development of sexual maturity in a non-metamorphosing lineage of tunicates might provide the immediate proto-chordate ancestors of more typical chordates.
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If there's options, I assume mutation?
The inheritance of gene expression patterns, in the absence of the initiating signal, is called Epigenetic regulation.
Epigenetic changes can be defined as inherited variations which are not present in the DNA sequence. Gene expression is regulated at different levels and not merely in response to DNA modifications. Examples of epigenetic control include DNA methylation, histone deacetylation and mi-RNA expression.
Epigenetic mechanisms add an adaptive layer of control in the regulation of gene expression that allows an organism to adapt to a dynamic environment.
Epigenetic regulation increases the functional intricacy of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by changing chromatin structure, nuclear organization as well as transcript stability.
To learn more about gene expression here
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The smallest thing they study is cells, i think!
hoped this helped!!