Answer:
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Explanation:
When a trait is recessive, an individual must have two copies of a recessive allele to express the trait. Recessive alleles are denoted by a lowercase letter (a versus A).
<u>Sensory neuron to motor neuron</u> are specifically responsible for the habituation of the withdrawal response.
- The withdrawal reflex, which is the automatic withholding of a limb from a painful stimulation, is what is known as this automatic reaction.
- Humans are shielded by this reflex from tissue necrosis brought on by exposure to noxious stimuli like pain or heat. Either the upper or lower limbs may experience it.
- A somatic reflex, like the withdrawal reflex, and a visceral reflex, an autonomic reflex, differ in that the latter has an efferent branch.
- The lower motor neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, which immediately projects to a skeletal muscle to produce its contraction, is the output of a somatic reflex.
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The ATP molecule is a high energy molecule. When a molecule of ATP breakdown, it produces chemical as well as thermal energy. The type of energy produced is mainly depends on the application for example, if the ATP breaks down to ADP, it produces thermal energy and if couples with a cellular process it produces chemical potential.
Our body needs energy to carry out cellular functions and the energy produced in a form of ATP is taken by cells to perform functions.
Answer: a) substrate and cofactors b) covalent modification
Explanation:
Metabolic pathways involve all the chemical processes takes place in the enviornment or in an organisms.The metabolic pathways are controlled through the catalytic activities of enzymes.
The availability of enzyme is regulated by substrate and cofactors present in enzyme and enzyme activity is commonly regulated via covalent modification.
Enzymes are highly selective in nature and bind to a specific substarte only. The active site in enzyme binds with the substrate to form enzyme substrate complex. Coactors assist the enzyme activity, without cofactor enzyme can not perform its activity.
Hence enzyme availibility is regulated by substrate and cofactors regulates.
Covalent modifications regulates activity of enzyme as it involves addition and removal of chemical group to synthesis required protein. It can change the chemical properties of the site by targeting one or multiple amino acid.
Thus the correct answer is a) substrate and cofactors b) covalent modification
