Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
Answer:
Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
Explanation:
Most of the ATP molecules are produced by oxidative phosphorylation, not by substrate-level phosphorylation. During glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules per glucose are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. Similarly, Kreb's cycle also yields 2 ATP per glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation.
For each pair of electrons transferred to O2 from FADH2 via electron transport chain, 4 and 2 protons are pumped from matrix towards the intermembrane space by complex III and complex IV respectively. It generates the proton concentration gradient required to drive the synthesis of 1.5 ATP molecules. Since oxidation of FADH2 is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP, the process is called oxidative phosphorylation.
Answer:
10.2 cM
Explanation:
Given,
pure breeding parent 1 : BBgg = brown coat and pink eyes
pure breeding parent 2 : bbGG = white coat and green eyes
BBGG X bbgg = F1 = BbGg ( All are brown with green eyes )
When F1 progeny is test crossed with white coat and pink eyes hamster:
BbGg X BbGg = F2 =
brown, pink eyes = 99 = parental
white, green eyes = 103 = parental
brown, green eyes = 12 = recombinant
white, pink eyes = 11 = recombinant
Recombination frequency =
(total number of recombinants / total progeny ) * 100
= [( 11 + 12 ) / ( 99 + 103 + 12 + 11 )] * 100 = (23/225)*100 = 0.102 * 100 = 10.2 %
1 % recombination frequency = 1 cM distance between genes
Hence, the distance between B and G gene is 10.2 cM
Answer:
Where is the question photo
There are a variety of eubacteria living as decomposers, heterotrophs, pathogens, and autotrophs.
