<span>Glycolysis
4 made - 2 used= 2 ATP substrate level
2 NADH x 2= <span>4 ATP </span>(enters at complex II)
Pyruvate Decarboxylation
1 NADH x two pyruvate= 2 NADH x 3= 6 ATP
Krebs Cycle
3 NADH x two pyruvate= 6 x 3= 18 ATP
1 GTP x two pyruvate= 2 GTP= 2 ATP
1 FADH2 x two pyruvate= 2 FADH2 x2= 4 ATP
Total: 2+4+6+18+2+4= 36 ATP</span>
This figure illustrates 3 hypotheses of how a cancer stem cell may arise: (1) A stem cell undergoes a mutation, (2) A progenitor cell undergoes two or more mutations, or (3) A fully differentiated cell undergoes several mutations that drive it back to a stem-like state.
Longest to Shortest:
<span>across the diameter of the galactic halo - 200,000 light years
</span><span>across the diameter of the galactic disk - 100,000 light years
</span><span>from the sun to the center of the galaxy - 26,000 light years
</span><span>across the diameter of the central buldge - 20,000 light years
</span><span>through the disk from top to bottom - 1,000 light years.</span>
