Answer:
Begin to cross the membrane while still being synthesized-C
Explanation:
The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a part of the endomembrane system of the cell which is mostly reponsible for the synthesis and modification of proteins, although synthesis of lipids in plant and animal are carried out here
For more synthesis of proteins, it
needs to be further transported into the Rough endoplasmic reticulum- the designated site for secretion after synthesis of proteins.
Also it has been found out that when this proteins enter the Endoplasmic Reticulum, they start to cross the membrane while still being synthesized.
The flow of oxygen is simply summarized as entering the body through the lungs and being absorbed into the blood. From there, the oxygenated blood is carried to the heart and then pumped all over the body. From there, the oxygen is absorbed by cells that need it for respiration.
Carbon dioxide is generated via respiration of glucose in muscle and body cells. It then passes into the blood and is carried out to the lungs, where it diffuses out and is breathed out.
Blood follows a double circulation pattern, where deoxygenated is pumped to the lungs from the heart then goes back to the heart to be pumped into the rest of the body.
Answer:
a. resolve the branching patterns (evolutionary history) of the Lophotrochozoa
b. (the same, it is repeated)
Explanation:
Nemertios (ribbon worms) and foronids (horseshoe worms) are closely related groups of lofotrocozoa. Lofotrocozoans, or simply trocozoans (= tribomastic celomados with trocophoric larva) are a group of animals that includes annelids, molluscs, endoprocts, brachiopods and other invertebrates. They represent a crucial superphylum for our understanding of the evolution of bilateral symmetry animals. However, given the inconsistency between molecular and morphological data for these groups, their origins were not entirely clear. In the work linked above, the first records of genomes of the Nemertine worm Notospermus geniculatus and the foronid Phoronis australis are presented, along with transcriptomes along the adult bodies. Our phylogenetic analyzes based on the genome place Nemertinos as the sister group of the taxon that contains Phoronidea and Brachiopoda. It is shown that lofotrocozoans share many families of genes with deuterotomes, suggesting that these two groups retain a common genetic repertoire of bilaterals that do not possess ecdisozoans (arthropods, nematodes) or platizoos (platelets, sydermats). Comparative transcriptomics demonstrates that foronid and brachiopod lofophores are similar not only morphologically, but also at the molecular level. Although the lofophore and vertebrates show very different cephalic structures, the lofophorees express the vertebrate head genes and neuronal marker genes. This finding suggests a common origin of the bilaterial pattern of the head, although different types of head will evolve independently in each lineage. In addition, we recorded innate immunity expansions of lineage-specific and toxin-related genes in both lofotrocozoa and deuterostomes. Together, this study reveals a dual nature of lofotrocozoans, in which the conserved and specific characteristics of the lineage shape their evolution.
Probably Mary's doctor will not doctor a chronic villus sampling because of her first time pregnancy at the aged of 37 and her doctor ordered so many series of routine screening procedure. The doctor will not order a chronic villus sampling on Mary.